Limits to Growth
This is the first of a three-part series on the Limits to Growth Archetype. The second part can be accessed here and the third part here.
The Limits to Growth Systems Archetype, also known as Limits to Success, combines growth with an exogenous or endogenous limit. This Systems Archetype was formally identified in Appendix 2 of The Fifth Discipline by Peter Senge (1990), but made its first prominent appearance in World Dynamics by Jay Forrester (1971) and then The Limits to Growth by Meadows, Meadows, Randers, and Behrens (1972). The Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) is shown below.
Real growth processes have inherent limits to growth. Identifying these limits can help avoid problems in the future, whether the problem is overpopulation, increasing demand for a product that cannot be met, or growing a business in a mature market. When growth is desired, but limited, it is always better to find ways to increase the limit before pushing for more growth. Excessive growth in the face of a limit often leads to collapse. Driving the system to the point of collapse can erode the ability to continue after the collapse, for example, by reducing the production capability of a piece of farmland or destroying the reputation of a company.
Classic examples of limits to growth include:
- The collapse of the deer population on the Kaibab plateau and on St. Matthew Island due to overpopulation and the attendant overgrazing of their habitat
- The overshoot and collapse of the human population on Easter Island
- Overgrazing in the Sahel region of Africa by cattle herders
- Overfishing of the oceans by fishermen
- The collapse of People Express due to sharp customer growth combined with slow personnel growth
- The sharp exodus of America Online subscribers after an intense marketing campaign increased the number of subscribers far beyond their capacity
- The contraction of the world economy in 2008 due to limiting oil supplies
- The productivity of staff deteriorating as a company grows, due to increased interactions and reporting overhead
- Business growth limited by the size of the potential market
- Yeast cells in the fermentation process, who suffer from both the loss of exogenously supplied sugar and the increase of endogenously produced pollution
